Today is the 203rd day of 2012 and the 32nd day of summer.

TODAY'S HISTORY: In 1861, the first Battle of Bull Run -- the first major battle of the Civil War -- was fought, ending in Confederate victory.

In 1925, Tennessee teacher John Scopes was convicted of violating the state's law against teaching the theory of evolution.

In 1954, the French surrendered North Vietnam to Communist forces there.

In 2007, the final volume in J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series was released.

TODAY'S BIRTHDAYS: Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), author; Isaac Stern (1920-2001), violinist; Don Knotts (1924-2006), actor/comedian; Janet Reno (1938- ), former U.S. attorney general; Yusuf Islam aka Cat Stevens (1948- ), singer/songwriter; Garry Trudeau (1948- ), Doonesbury cartoonist; Robin Williams (1951- ), actor; Jon Lovitz (1957- ), actor; CC Sabathia (1980- ), baseball player.

TODAY'S SPORTS: In 1959, the Boston Red Sox (the last major league team to integrate) fielded their first African-American player when Pumpsie Green entered a game against the Chicago White Sox in the eighth inning.

TODAY'S FACT: The Harry Potter series has been translated into 68 languages other than English.

TODAY'S QUOTE: "All good books have one thing in common -- they are truer than if they had really happened." -- Ernest Hemingway

TODAY'S NUMBER: $100 -- amount John Scopes was ordered to pay upon his conviction. Though the conviction was overturned on appeal, the Butler Act -- which had made the teaching of evolution criminal -- stayed on Tennessee's law books until 1967.

TODAY'S MOON: Between new moon (July 19) and first quarter moon (July 26).

Today is the 202nd day of 2012 and the 31st day of summer.

TODAY'S HISTORY: In 1881, Sioux Chief Sitting Bull surrendered to federal troops.

In 1944, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt won the Democratic presidential nomination for the fourth and final time.

In 1969, Neil Armstrong, commander of Apollo 11, became the first person to set foot on the moon, followed by Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin.

In 1976, Viking 1 landed on Mars and transmitted the first photos of the planet's surface.

TODAY'S BIRTHDAYS: Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) (1304-1374), poet; Sir Edmund Hillary (1919-2008), explorer/mountaineer; Cormac McCarthy (1933- ), writer; Natalie Wood (1938-1981), actress; Carlos Santana (1947- ), musician; Gisele Bundchen (1980- ), model; Julianne Hough (1988- ), dancer/singer.

TODAY'S SPORTS: In 1976, Hank Aaron of the Milwaukee Brewers hit his record 755th and final home run in a 6-2 win over the California Angels.

TODAY'S FACT: The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) honored Neil Armstrong and associates with its Best Foreign Television Award in 1969 for their telecast from the moon.

TODAY'S QUOTE: "Books have led some to learning, and others to madness, when they swallow more than they can digest." -- Petrarch

TODAY'S NUMBER: 29,029 -- official elevation (in feet) of the Mount Everest summit, according to China and Nepal. Other sources recognize an official elevation of 29,035 feet.

TODAY'S MOON: Between new moon (July 19) and first quarter moon (July 26).

Today is the 201st day of 2012 and the 30th day of summer.

TODAY'S HISTORY: In 1848, a seminal women's rights convention opened in Seneca Falls, N.Y.

In 1941, Winston Churchill launched his V for Victory campaign.

In 1993, President Bill Clinton announced a "Don't Ask, Don't Tell, Don't Pursue" policy for gay men and women serving in the U.S. military.

TODAY'S BIRTHDAYS: Samuel Colt (1814-1862), inventor; Edgar Degas (1834-1917), painter; Lizzie Borden (1860-1927), alleged murderer; A.J. Cronin (1896-1981), writer; George McGovern (1922- ), U.S. senator/presidential candidate; Ilie Nastase (1946- ), tennis player; Brian May (1947- ), musician.

TODAY'S SPORTS: In 1980, the Olympic Games began in Moscow, though many nations were absent in protest of the Soviet presence in Afghanistan.

TODAY'S FACT: In 1963, former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill became the first person ever named an honorary American citizen.

TODAY'S QUOTE: "You know, sometimes, when they say you're ahead of your time, it's just a polite way of saying you have a real bad sense of timing." -- George McGovern

TODAY'S NUMBER: 1 -- state (Massachusetts) from which Democratic Sen. George McGovern of South Dakota won electoral votes in the 1972 presidential election, along with Washington, D.C.

TODAY'S MOON: New moon (July 19).