If you are intent on buying a home during the pandemic, obtaining an appraisal shouldn’t stand in your way. But procuring a home inspection may be another question.

In New York, California and other states, real estate agents, appraisers and home inspectors are considered “essential employees.” But others aren’t so lenient. Pennsylvania, for example, has prohibited in-person appraisals, inspections and even final walk-throughs.

Even where these necessary tasks are allowed, though, professionals must follow statewide health mandates and adhere to local rules, which may be more restrictive.

To do their jobs, appraisers are using technology to value properties instead of taking a firsthand look around. But independent inspectors can’t do that. They have to crawl over, under and inside your house to create their reports, and they have to do so in person. There’s nothing yet that would allow them to do otherwise.

For the uninitiated, there are major differences between appraisals and home inspections. You pay for both, but that’s where the similarities end.

Appraisers work on behalf of lenders to assign a valuation to the property they are lending against. Their work tells lenders, should they have to foreclose because you fail to make your payments, what the place should be worth when the lender repossesses it for resale.

Home inspectors are hired by buyers -- and sometimes sellers, too -- to go over the house from stem to stern to determine whether the place is structurally sound, whether the systems are in good working order and whether there are any material defects that impact the home’s livability.

If what the inspector finds is not satisfactory, you can back out of the deal, or you can negotiate with the seller about how to fix the house’s issues. You can demand that the seller make and pay for the repairs, for example, or perhaps you can split the cost.

By comparison, there is no bargaining with appraisers, unless they are way, way off base. They set the value, and the bank will not lend anything more than a percentage of that amount -- take it or leave it. There are ways to protest the valuation, but they rarely work. So if the appraisal comes in too low, the buyer has to come up with more cash or the seller has to lower the price.

To keep home sales afloat as people deal with social distancing, federal regulators have loosened the rules considerably. Under the new, but temporary, criteria, exterior-only appraisals or valuations powered by artificial intelligence -- aka “desktop” appraisals -- are permissible. That way, appraisers need not go inside.

And now, three federal regulators have said that for the next year, banks do not need an appraisal until up to 120 days after the loans have closed. But that applies only to institutions they regulate, and only those loans they keep in their portfolios, as opposed to selling them to investors. There’s no word yet on whether other lending overseers will follow suit.

The authorities have encouraged lenders to accept truncated appraisals, but some, worried about potential repercussions, have balked. So appraisers are turning to sellers for help, asking them to photograph their home’s interiors and upload the pictures so they can obtain as close a look as possible until the pandemic ends.

Toward that end, several companies have come out with software to improve the process. With one from Bradford Technologies, the appraiser shares a unique link with the seller, who uses it to submit geo-coded photos of the home’s interior. The seller is led through a series of questions, such as, “Have any upgrades been made to the kitchen or baths?” and “How old is the roof?”

Founder Jeff Bradford says he knows of some appraisers who are still performing interior inspections, even though “it’s a dangerous time to do so.” If they are carrying the coronavirus, even if they’re asymptomatic, they are “like bees pollinating an orchard” as they go from house to house, he says.

Home inspectors don’t have the luxury of working from home, but some are soldiering on. With fewer sales being recorded, you’d think they’d be readily available to take on assignments. But that’s not always the case.

Bill Walker, a third-generation home inspector in the Washington, D.C., area, says two of his inspectors won’t come to work, and he and his other inspector will only examine totally vacant houses.

Walker normally probes five or six houses a week; now he’s lucky to do three. And he’s requiring sellers to sign hold-harmless agreements “so they can’t blame us if they get the virus.”

“Normally, this is at a time of year when our phones are ringing off the hook. By Sunday night, you’d book the entire week,” he says. “But now, calls are way down, more than 50 percent off. We could do more inspections, but the virus is now part of the equation.”

Meanwhile, the big home-inspection chains like Pillar to Post and HouseMasters are requiring their franchisees to follow all CDC guidelines: Practice safe distancing, wash hands, wear masks and gloves and sanitize all surfaces. But even at that, says HouseMaster’s Kathleen Kuhn, some sellers won’t allow anyone inside.

HouseMasters inspectors now sometimes ask owners to leave the house while they perform their exams. And if they can’t be gone for the three or four hours an inspection typically takes, they are asked to isolate themselves in one part of the house and stay away from the inspector. In some instances, examiners just look at exteriors. “At least clients are getting some information,” say Kuhn.

Kuhn says some of her franchisees, especially those who are older or have underlying illnesses, have shut down until the pandemic subsides. “We’ve seen other significant declines in our 40 years,” she says. “But never anything like this. It’s pretty bad.”

Water might not be on many homebuyers’ radar screens. But it sure is becoming a more important feature, both inside and outside the house.

At both the recent International Builders’ Show in Las Vegas and the Consumer Electronics Show, a number of water-related products drew more than passing attention. And a report from one of the housing industry’s top advisory firms found that 90% of the top-selling master-planned communities in the country include a “significant” water amenity.

Not only that, but in working on her year-end summary of the top MPCs, John Burns Real Estate Consulting’s research manager Devyn Bachman found what she calls some “amazing water-inspired” features.

Crystal Lagoons tops the list. Bachman called them “easily the most discussed major master-planned community amenity in the last decade.”

These man-made bodies of water use far fewer chemicals and less energy than conventional swimming pools, and can be dozens of acres in size. They’re all over the world, with 17 now planned, under construction or in operation in the U.S.

If one large body of water is good, then several mini-bodies are better -- at least, that’s what GL Homes in Florida discovered. After years of putting lakes of up to 35 acres in its communities, the builder switched to several smaller lakes of 8.5 acres or less, thereby generating more water-view lots and greater lot premiums.

At The Woodlands, outside Houston, the developer built and stocked 44 fishing ponds, most of which operate on a catch-and-release basis. And in California, Rancho Mission Viejo added age-restricted swimming pools for residents who don’t want to live in an age-restricted community, but don’t want to splash around with a bunch of kids, either.

Lazy rivers are standard now at water parks, but the one at Sunfield near Austin, Texas, goes one better. A meandering 1,000-foot-long stream carries residents through their entire amenity center: from the volleyball and basketball courts, under or around several waterfalls and into the lagoon-like pool.

And how many properties can claim their own canoe and kayak launch? Riverwalk in Rock Hill, South Carolina, not only features a launch into the calm waters of the Catawba River, but also offers courses for paddlers of any age.

On a smaller scale, for buyers who don’t want to share in the expense of maintaining a big pool complex, The Groves, near Houston, Texas, offers a splash pad, “where a kid can be a kid, no matter their age.” There’s also a stocked pond for catch-and-release fishing.

Advisory firm RCLCO ranked the top-selling MPCs, and found that Nocatee, near Jacksonville, Florida -- the fourth-best-seller of the decade -- has a four-story above-ground interactive spray playground, similar to those found at water parks. In the wading pools, water can bubble, squirt and rain down while poolgoers wade, swim, slide or play.

“It takes an innovative and strategic mindset to stay a step ahead of the competition,” says RCLCO’s Brad Hunter. “Differentiation of amenities is one way that successful developers are doing that.”

Meanwhile, nothing water-related makes any of the numerous buyer-preference surveys, even when the question involves conserving energy or resources. But that hasn’t stopped manufacturers from coming forward with products that could one day be included in model homes.

One such product, LeakSmart, was named one of nine “Green Innovations of the Year” by Green Builder magazine. It not only detects a leak somewhere in a home’s plumbing system, a sensor sounds an alarm and shuts down the main water supply.

Unnecessary? Think again. According to one source, the typical homeowner is 10 times more likely to incur damage from a water leak than a fire. About 40% of damaging leaks occur inside the walls, and another 40% from appliances. And the damage can be costly: almost $10,000 per incident.

Two other neat products can save on the municipal water grid by taking drinkable water right out of the air. Using heat-exchange technology, units by Watergen deliver safe, fresh H20. Large Watergen units can be installed on rooftops, and smaller ones go in the kitchen. A similar product, Zero Mass, needs only sunlight and air to make drinking water. And since the average family uses 20 liters of water daily for drinking, and 300 to 500 liters more for household uses like bathing, dishwashing and clothes-washing, every little bit helps.

Then there’s OxiCool, a clean-technology air-conditioning system that uses pure water as the only refrigerant. Opt for this, and you’ll eliminate the need for electricity, toxic gases and high pressure to air-condition your house.

Another innovator, NRCR, exhibited a condensing tankless water heater that recirculates the water until it is needed -- thus eliminating waste and keeping the hot stuff closer to the outlet, where it is delivered on demand. And Nano, a high-efficiency toilet from Niagara, offers flush options using as little as 0.5 gallons of water.

Other plumbing innovations: American Standard exhibited a kitchen faucet with a dial that can measure and dispense an exact amount of water, from half a cup to 5 cups, eliminating guesswork and waste while cooking. And Voltea has a softening filtration system that provides purified water to every faucet in the house without the use of salt or chemicals.

The National Association of Realtors has all but put a stop to one controversial practice some agents use to hide their listings from other agents. But some crafty realty pros are already finding their way around the new rules.

The questionable practice is known as a “pocket listing.” It happens when agents resist entering their listings into the multiple listing service until they can shop them to their preferred list of buyers, other agents in their offices or agents in affiliated offices.

If they are lucky enough to nail a buyer from their own sources, they get to keep the entire commission. They have to share the fee if an agent within their companies finds the buyer, but at least the entire charge is kept in-house.

If they are unsuccessful, they then turn to the MLS, which serves as the database of almost all homes for sale in a particular market. There are some 800 listing services nationwide; they are where all agents go to search for houses that meet their clients’ parameters.

It can be days, or sometimes weeks, before pocket listings see the light of day -- and there are circumstances in which some sellers wouldn’t mind their listings being held back for a while. Perhaps someone doesn’t want their neighbors, say, or their boss, to know they are planning to move. Maybe they aren’t ready for potential buyers to be traipsing in and out of their house at all hours. Or possibly they have no desire to keep their place squeaky-clean and ready for showings.

At the same time, though, sellers -- especially unsuspecting sellers who haven’t a clue their houses are being held off the market -- are not getting the full exposure to the market they bargained for when they signed their listing agreements. And pocket listings run against the cooperative nature of how houses are bought and sold. Agents of competing companies work together -- one representing the seller, and another, the buyer -- to sell millions of houses every year. But when an agent effectively keeps a listing in his or her pocket, the system breaks down.

Buyers’ agents have howled for years that they and their clients are not getting a fair shot at such listings, at least not right away. And the million-plus-member National Association of Realtors has finally agreed, concluding that off-MLS listings not only skew market data and reduce buyer and seller choice, but also undermine the commitment to provide equal opportunity to all agents.

So, under NAR’s new “Clear Cooperation” policy, starting May 1, listing brokers and agents are required to submit listings within one business day of marketing the property to the public -- in other words, within 24 hours of offering listings to a select audience. (The rule was originally set to take effect Jan. 1, but was delayed to give local services time to make technology changes and educate users.)

“We made sure that cooperation remains at the heart of organized real estate,” said Denee Evans of the Council of Multiple Listing Services, which represents MLSs, to NAR’s trade journal, Realtor Magazine.

But that isn’t likely to put a stop to the practice, because agents can use another classification -- “coming soon” -- to hold properties out of the MLS and off the market.

Underhanded agents have always tried to game the system in one way or another. Some cancel listings that have languished on the market for months, and then resubmit them to make them appear fresh. Sometimes they change the wording of the address -- say, changing “Drive” to “Dr.” -- to reset the number of days the place has been on the market. Or they drop the price a small amount to boost its standing on the service.

Some agents try these and other tricks at their own volition; others, at the behest of their clients. Either way, it is a violation of NAR’s Code of Ethics. But saying a listing is “coming soon” is not prohibited under the new rules. Office exclusives and marketing to private networks aren’t verboten, either.

Remember, once a listing contract is signed, agents have 24 business hours to enter it into the MLS. So, an agent who wants to keep a property as close to the vest as possible can ask a client to sign the agreement late on a Friday night. That way, it won’t have to be entered until Tuesday morning, leaving 72 hours to peddle the house on their own.

As with pocket listings, there can be good reasons for a “coming soon” listing. Some people need time to prepare their places for sale; others are waiting for their new homes to be completed. Others have to wait for a tenant to move out.

A “coming soon” listing tells the widest possible audience the house isn’t ready to be seen just yet, but it is for sale and will be ready to be viewed on a “go-live” date. But as long as the seller doesn’t sign a listing contract, the house need not -- actually, cannot -- be entered into the MLS.

Thus, an agent who wants to skirt the rules can shop the house to their own list of would-be buyers or those of agents in affiliated offices without consequences. Yes, without a singed agreement, there’s a chance that another agent might swoop in and take the listing out from under them. But it’s a chance some are willing to take.

According to a recent survey by the WAV Group, a research and advisory firm, “coming soon” listings are becoming more prevalent. “A ‘coming soon’ status is not only in high demand today,” its recent white paper said, “but brokers believe that it will become increasingly important in the future.”

Unfortunately, as the report points out, while many listing services have policies regarding such listings, the survey found they are “locally contrived” and far from uniform. Others, meanwhile, are still in the process of crafting their own policies to give sellers time to manicure their properties for optimal results.