Body language, expression and demeanor, although sometimes subtle, can tell you a lot about

how your pet feels

By Kim Campbell Thornton

Andrews McMeel Syndication

We know when we’re in pain, and our families and friends usually know, too, from our grimaces, grunts and outright complaints about that bum knee, painful surgical site or side effects from cancer treatment.

But while most of us are aware that pets feel pain, too, it’s not always easy to recognize because an animal’s first instinct is to hide pain. Since September is Animal Pain Awareness Month, it’s a great time to learn how to recognize pain in pets and what treatments can help.

What does pet pain look like? Sometimes it’s obvious, indicated by limping or crying. Other signs of pain require some knowledge of animal body language. Hunched posture, licking lips, flattened ears, panting and stiffness on standing are among the signals that a pet is hurting. Changes in behavior can also indicate pain: appetite loss, no longer running to the door to greet you, hiding under or behind a piece of furniture, reluctance to play or wanting to cut a walk short. Often, signs can be subtle and easy to overlook.

A good way to get to know what pain looks like in pets is to consult one of the many pet pain scales available. Animal pain scales are available for cats, dogs, horses and rabbits. Your veterinarian may have one, or you can look for one online.

Pain scales show examples of body language and facial expressions, usually accompanied by descriptions of the pet’s demeanor. For instance, according to Colorado State University’s Feline Acute Pain Scale (which ranges from 0 to 4), a cat with a score of 0 is content and quiet, comfortable when resting and interested in or curious about their surroundings, while a cat with a score of 4 may be prostrate, unresponsive or rigid to avoid painful movement. The Feline Grimace Scale uses photos of actual cats to demonstrate facial expressions that signify pain.

In dogs, the CSU Canine Acute Pain Scale (which also ranges from 0 to 4) says dogs with a score of 1 may be slightly unsettled or restless, flinching on palpation. At level 2, they look uncomfortable when resting, may whimper or cry, look worried and aren’t eager to interact with people.

The Bristol Rabbit Pain Scale has scores from 0 to 3. A bunny with a score of 0 is similar to a cat with a score of zero, but rabbits that score 2 or 3 are dull or unresponsive, inactive and have a body that is stiff or hunched, with eyes closed.

Any signs of pain warrant a veterinary visit to discover the source. We used to assume that middle-aged or older animals were simply slowing down, but age doesn’t mean pain is a given.

“Owners so often think that limping is a sign of old age, and it’s not,” says Tamara Grubb, DVM, Ph.D., a veterinary anesthesia and analgesia specialist at Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine. “We should still have the same gait, maybe we’re slower, even if we’re old, and so should dogs. Limping is definitely a sign of pain.”

Ways to treat or manage pet pain include medication, physical rehab, acupuncture, laser therapy and massage.

“One of the trends in drug development is a focus on longer-duration drugs for acute and chronic pain that will not only provide longer analgesia but will also decrease pet-parent care burden,” Grubb says.

Injectable drugs such as Nocita and Zorbium for acute pain and Solensia and Librela (the latter expected to be available later this year) for arthritis pain in cats and dogs are administered at the veterinary clinic. They offer pain relief for longer periods and don’t require pet owners to wrestle pills or liquids into their animals.

If those aren’t options for your pet, your veterinarian may recommend multimodal treatment: use of multiple medications or therapies, which affect different parts of the pain pathway. They include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), complementary therapies such as acupuncture and targeted therapies such as platelet-rich-plasma injections.

Q&A

Bite-free

kitten play

Q: We adore our 6-month-old kitten, except for one thing: She bites when playing. We have shrieked, yelled “no,” scolded her and flicked her nose. How can we get her not to play rough?

A: As you have learned, cat (and kitten) bites are painful. Beyond the pain and potential injury, cat bites can cause serious infections -- within hours, even. Immediately wash them thoroughly with soap and water, and see your doctor for further treatment.

Kittens normally bite each other in play. If they bite too hard, they hear about it from their playmate and take things down a notch. When kittens don’t stay long enough with mom and littermates or don’t get early enough socialization with people, they may not learn to inhibit bites. Using hands to play with kittens can also incite a bite. Here’s how to tame the teeth.

First, stop punishing your kitten. That can make biting worse, causing your kitten to escalate biting into fighting.

Watch body language, especially the tip of the tail. If it starts to twitch, stop playing immediately, and walk away.

Don’t use hands or feet in play. Keep your kitten at arms’ length with wand toys that she can chase and pounce on, or toss crinkle or stuffed toys.

Avoid touching her tummy, even if she rolls onto her back. That’s a defensive position, not an invitation to pet. Focus petting between the ears or beneath the chin.

If you miss the signal that she is overstimulated and she bites down, freeze! Don’t screech or hit her. If you’re not moving or making a sound, she’ll likely let go. Walk away and let her relax before interacting with her again. Be consistent, and she should mature into a cat with nice mouth manners. Learn more here: fearfreehappyhomes.com/teach-kittens-gentle-play-yes-you-can. -- Dr. Marty Becker and Mikkel Becker

Do you have a pet question? Send it to askpetconnection@gmail.com or visit Facebook.com/DrMartyBecker.

THE BUZZ

Celebrate pets

this month

-- Besides Animal Pain Awareness Month, September is Happy Cat Month, National Service Dog Month, National Pet Insurance Month, National Disaster Preparedness Month (for pets, too) and Responsible Dog Ownership Month. Other pet-centric events in September are National Deaf Dog Awareness Week and National Dog Week (last full week in September); Adopt-a-Less-Adoptable-Pet Week (third week in September); National Iguana Awareness Day, Sept. 8; National Pet Memorial Day, Sept. 10; National Pet Bird Day, Sept. 17; International Rabbit Day, Sept. 23; and World Rabies Day, Sept. 28.

-- You can get more than books at the library. Two Detroit libraries, in partnership with Detroit Animal Care and Control, are offering free hourlong pet care sessions that include information on where to access spay/neuter services, microchipping and veterinary care. Local experts such as veterinarians and trainers will be there to answer questions. The sessions are scheduled at various times at Lincoln Detroit Public Library and Edison Detroit Public Library. Find more information here: friendsofdacc.org/classes. Not in Detroit? Ask if your local library or shelter offers similar programs.

-- Honeybees are the new chickens, with approximately 100,000 hobbyists keeping backyard hives. And like any livestock -- bees qualify as the tiniest of livestock -- they sometimes need veterinary care. The University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine has a beekeeping program to teach veterinarians how to care for buzzing patients. Professor Joerg Mayer, who has a background in beekeeping himself, began the program, which allows students to work hands-on with hives. “Usually, students in the veterinary program don’t get the chance to work with actual animals until around their fourth year, but through this program, they are learning how to treat and care for small livestock,” says Mayer. -- Dr. Marty Becker, Kim Campbell Thornton and Mikkel Becker

ABOUT PET CONNECTION

Pet Connection is produced by a team of pet care experts. Veterinarian Dr. Marty Becker is founder of the Fear Free organization, co-founder of VetScoop.com and author of many best-selling pet care books. Kim Campbell Thornton is an award-winning journalist and author who has been writing about animals since 1985. Mikkel Becker is a behavior consultant and lead animal trainer for Fear Free Pets. Dr. Becker can be found at Facebook.com/DrMartyBecker or on Twitter at DrMartyBecker. Kim Campbell Thornton is at Facebook.com/Kim.CampbellThornton and on Twitter at kkcthornton. Mikkel Becker is at Facebook.com/MikkelBecker and on Twitter at MikkelBecker.

Ignorance of animal behavior or body language is often a factor when interactions go wrong. Tips to keep things safe on both sides

By Kim Campbell Thornton

Andrews McMeel Syndication

The human desire to touch animals is almost irresistible. When children or adults see my dog Sparkles, almost always their first question is whether they can pet her. On the East African island of Zanzibar, I frequently found myself petting the friendly community cats, despite being aware of the risks of a bite or scratch or communicable condition from an unfamiliar animal. And when a guest asked if she could pet the lion dozing next to their vehicle, a Botswana guide was shocked to realize she wasn’t kidding.

But that powerful desire to touch or interact with animals can quickly turn tragic -- for people and animals. People visiting national parks have been gored by bison, mauled by moose and battered by bears. The “rescue” of a bison calf by visitors led to the animal’s euthanasia by park staff after the animal was rejected by the herd because of human interference. Two years ago in Oklahoma, a 4-year-old boy lost his arm after reaching into a pen to pet some puppies -- an act to which the adult dogs took exception.

In the case of wildlife, hazardous interactions typically occur because people are unfamiliar with the species they are approaching and don’t know what’s appropriate, says wildlife biologist Bill Given of Golden, Colorado. With pets, children may not have been taught not to run up or reach out to them without permission.

“A secondary problem is likely the social media drive for people to try and photograph themselves in unique ways to share with their followers,” Given says. “This is an especially bad combination when people ignorant of wildlife put themselves in the selfie position with animals.”

Whether you’re visiting a national park, on safari or simply taking a walk in your neighborhood, some simple, smart strategies can improve your viewing experience and keep you, your kids, wildlife and pets safe.

-- Keep your distance. “If you see an animal change behavior in response to you, you are possibly too close and should stop moving,” Given says.

-- Don’t approach animals head-on. Instead, move at their pace while staying parallel to them. “Moving slowly and often stopping for some time before ‘grazing’ closer is a way that animals are used to seeing other ‘safe’ animals moving,” Given says.

-- Be calm and quiet. Abrupt movements, running and high-pitched squeals attract an animal’s attention -- and not in a good way. Keeping noise levels low helps animals remain comfortable.

-- Never approach young animals. Whether we’re talking bear cubs or puppies, mother animals are fiercely protective. “We would never let a stranger harass one of our children,” says Galapagos naturalist guide Fabrizio Prado. “It is the same way in nature.” When protective animals attack, they can cause serious injury or death. In turn, they may be killed after being labeled “dangerous.”

-- Don’t force a natural close encounter. “It might be the first time for an animal to observe a human being,” Prado says. Let them decide whether to come closer or move away.

-- Don’t feed animals in the wild or leave out food in your yard. A common complaint on social media sites such as NextDoor and Facebook is neighbors who leave out food and water for coyotes or other wildlife, thinking they’re being kind. When animals learn to associate food with humans, they can lose their natural fear of people and begin to approach them aggressively;, they can become sick from inappropriate food; and they can add pets and livestock to their diet because they’re more likely to encounter them. Smaller wild animals can be attacked and injured or killed by domestic dogs and cats when they venture into a yard for food.

What about petting other people’s animals? Normalize letting animals come to you instead of reaching out your hand to them. (fearfreehappyhomes.com/the-new-new-on-greeting-a-dog-whether-youre-5-or-55) And accept being told no -- either verbally by the person with the animal or by animals themselves when they choose not to approach.

Q&A

Canine manners:

Behind the sniff

Q: Why do dogs sniff butts?

A: Dogs live for odors. Scent is the primary way they identify people, places and other animals, including other dogs. And the rear end is where a lot of those identifying scents are produced.

When dogs sniff beneath each other’s tails, they’re inhaling a pungent melange of odors -- primarily produced by microorganisms -- from preputial (male) and vaginal (female) glands, as well as from anal glands, which all dogs have. The odors vary from dog to dog.

What we’re not sure of is the kind of information that dogs get from sniffing each other, but we can hypothesize that it relates to such things as gender, reproductive status, health and diet. Because dogs are so diverse in size and shape, perhaps odor helps them not only to recognize individuals, but also to establish that they are indeed members of the same species.

Sniffing is more than just a polite canine greeting. It can tell you something about each dog’s social position. Typically, two dogs of equal status sniff each other at the same time, but lower ranking dogs wait to sniff until they themselves have been checked out by the other dog. Some dogs put the kibosh on sniffing action by sitting so another dog can’t access their hind end. If you notice that another dog doesn’t want to be sniffed, distract and redirect your dog by asking them to come, sit or perform some other known cue.

Some fascinating scent facts: 1. Nearly 1,100 olfactory receptor genes have been identified in the canine genome, each being sensitive to slightly different shapes in odor molecules. When odors trigger receptors, the brain compares the relative strength of all the signals received to characterize each odor. 2. Dogs start using their sense of smell even before birth. -- Dr. Marty Becker

Do you have a pet question? Send it to askpetconnection@gmail.com or visit Facebook.com/DrMartyBecker.

THE BUZZ

How to help

pets in Maui

-- The wildfire that destroyed the town of Lahaina on the Hawaiian island of Maui has displaced thousands of pets and other animals, and animal welfare groups need help to care for them all. Helping them can mean a better chance of reuniting them with their people. To lend a hand, you can donate to the Maui Humane Society (mauihumanesociety.org) to cover costs for food, shelter and veterinary care for animals with burns or lung damage from smoke inhalation. The MHS is also seeking people who can foster pets at their homes to relieve crowding. In addition, its website has information on how to post lost and found pet information.

-- Taking hair loss medication? Make sure your pet doesn’t ingest it, either by licking the cream or swallowing it in pill form (used for treating hypotension). Cats, in particular, are susceptible to minoxidil, found in medications like Rogaine, and it can be deadly to them. Even licking a small amount can result in poisoning and even death, according to veterinary toxicologist Renee Schmid at the Pet Poison Helpline. In cats, signs of poisoning include not eating, vomiting, lethargy, difficulty breathing, fluid in the lungs and chest, low blood pressure and cyanosis -- bluish discoloration of the gums. Signs in dogs include lethargy, vomiting, rapid heart rate and low blood pressure.

-- We thought we knew about all the rex cats, but there’s a relatively new one out there: the Tennessee rex (T-rex for short, of course). The term “rex” refers to wiry coats (and whiskers) with hairs that are crimped, hooked or bent. The T-rex has a curly, shiny coat, which appears to sparkle in sunlight, and can be longhaired or shorthaired. Whiskers are curly, too, and can be fragile. Other rex breeds are the Cornish, Devon and Selkirk rexes. -- Dr. Marty Becker, Kim Campbell Thornton and Mikkel Becker

ABOUT PET CONNECTION

Pet Connection is produced by a team of pet care experts. Veterinarian Dr. Marty Becker is founder of the Fear Free organization, co-founder of VetScoop.com and author of many best-selling pet care books. Kim Campbell Thornton is an award-winning journalist and author who has been writing about animals since 1985. Mikkel Becker is a behavior consultant and lead animal trainer for Fear Free Pets. Dr. Becker can be found at Facebook.com/DrMartyBecker or on Twitter at DrMartyBecker. Kim Campbell Thornton is at Facebook.com/Kim.CampbellThornton and on Twitter at kkcthornton. Mikkel Becker is at Facebook.com/MikkelBecker and on Twitter at MikkelBecker.

Show your love for pets with themed notebooks, pens, pencils, backpacks and more

By Kim Campbell Thornton

Andrews McMeel Syndication

It’s back-to-school time! Whether you or your kids are in elementary school, high school or college, or you’re a teacher, there’s nothing wrong with putting a little fun in the day or expressing a love of animals with the tools for learning. We’ve found an assortment of items to make going back to school less of a slog and more putting on the dog (or cat!).

All right, class, pick up your pencils and begin! Filling in the circles on test forms might be more fun with colorful paw print-themed pencils. A pack of 24 ensures that another one is always available if some get lost or loaned. (amzn.to/43Zup5I)

Every good pencil should be accompanied by a cute eraser. This pink eraser adorned with a whiskered black cat is purr-fect for whisking away mistakes. (zazzle.com/pink_cat_eraser-256795980347933055)

Ask any student, teacher, writer or editor: Work, including homework, is more fun and goes better when you have a great pen that writes smoothly. Bonus points if it’s decorated with dogs or cats. A pack of 10 sparkly pens in five colors feature a curious black cat. The retractable black ink ballpoint pens write with a smooth motion. Use one for homework, grading or to write stories about your cat. (amzn.to/442nmJx)

Dog-loving students and teachers will appreciate this zippered pen and pencil case featuring an assortment of dogs, including Dalmatians, poodles, corgis and beagles. Interior pockets can also hold other school supplies. (amzn.to/3OO6oKv)

Whether you’re reading “The Egypt Game” or studying for a Ph.D. in Egyptology, you’ll love this Egyptian cat-themed spiral-bound notebook featuring Carrie Hawks fantasy art of Egyptian cat goddess Bastet and a bejeweled cat wearing a scarab collar. Interior page options include graph, lined, sketch, checklist and more. (zazzle.com/pd/spp/pt-gotchacovered_notebook?tdid=4929753a-f16c-4eed-9213-a84b0c3ff502)

Enjoy looking at your dog in every class. Dog lovers can personalize an 80-page spiral-bound notebook with their dog’s photo (encircled by pawprints) and their dog’s name. Pawprints and text can be in black or a color. (zazzle.com/your_custom_pet_photo_with_paws_text_notebook-130756301237384260)

Look forward to eating lunch from this insulated waterproof bag personalized with your dog’s photo and your name. It’s also fun for picnics or hikes with your dog, easily holding treats for both of you. Two outer pockets hold utensils, keys or other small items. Keeps food warm or cool. (etsy.me/44ZuLdO)

Everybody knows smarty cats wear glasses. And they carry cute insulated lunch bags like this one with an accompanying cat-shaped ice pack and an insulated food container. If blue is your favorite color, get the version with a cheetah print design. A snap strap attaches it to a backpack. (amzn.to/3DK52do)

To go with your lunch bag and reduce the use of plastic bottles, get a colorful paws collapsible reusable water bottle. It’s flat and lightweight when empty but holds up to a liter of water. A carabiner clip makes it easy to attach to a backpack. Money from sales supports animal rescue efforts. (bit.ly/3KBNy6H)

Zoom into the school year with this magically cute space cat backpack for carrying books and other school supplies. It comes with plenty of pockets and a stretchy side pocket for holding a water bottle. (amzn.to/3Yprylk)

For more down-to-earth dog lovers, check out this navy backpack patterned with pawprints and a tricolor dog. It has several interior and exterior pockets and pouches for stashing pens, pencils, a phone, water bottle and other school necessities. (amazon.com/Backpack-Pattern-Lightweight-Daypack-School/dp/B09B32K356?th=1)

It’s easier to find your place when you use these cute dog sticky notes to mark the pages you need to study, and the accompanying lined pad is perfect for making to-do lists. (amzn.to/441MHmA) Cat lovers will prefer colorful cat-shaped sticky notes and paper clips to mark what to read next. (amzn.to/45kzvKJ)

Q&A

Pet brain freeze:

the cold truth

Q: I was having ice cream recently, and my dog was getting some doggie ice cream. It made me wonder: Do dogs and cats get brain freeze?

A: Ice cream, popsicles and other frozen goodies are perfect for this time of year, but you probably know from experience that biting down on them can sometimes cause brief but intense pain that’s usually called brain freeze or ice cream headache.

The fancy scientific name for this experience is sphenopalatine ganglioneuralgia. Broken down, the Latin words are “spheno,” for the wedge-shaped sphenoid bone, part of the cranium; “palatine,” referring to the palate, or roof of the mouth; “gangli,” referencing the neural ganglion, part of the peripheral nervous system; “neur,” meaning nerves; and “algia,” meaning pain.

Basically, it’s nerve pain of the sphenopalatine ganglion, caused by constriction of tiny blood vessels in the palate called capillaries. Nearby pain receptors in the face transmit the pain, which may be felt in the mouth or sinuses or sometimes as if it’s actually occurring in the brain -- even though it’s not. This phenomenon is called referred pain.

That’s one theory, anyway.

Another is that brain freeze results when the cold deliciousness causes rapid cooling of the blood in the pharynx, leading to a drop in temperature of the internal carotid artery. The resulting chill causes pain in the meninges at the base of the cranium.

But you want to know if pets can get brain freeze. While dogs and cats can’t tell us that they’re experiencing brain freeze, it’s possible that, depending on their individual facial anatomy, they have the potential for it since they share the same or similar nerve pathways related to the uncomfortable sensation in humans. If your pet is eating a frosty treat and squinches their face, brain freeze might be why. -- Dr. Marty Becker

Do you have a pet question? Send it to askpetconnection@gmail.com or visit Facebook.com/DrMartyBecker.

THE BUZZ

Don’t use DEET

on dogs, cats

-- Mosquito bites are no good for humans or dogs, but the DEET-containing products that humans use to repel them aren’t safe for dogs. Spraying a dog with a repellent that contains DEET can cause such signs of toxicity as a wobbly gait, tremors, seizures, diarrhea and vomiting. Instead, use a dog-safe mosquito repellent recommended by your veterinarian to prevent not only uncomfortable itchy welts on skin, but also reduce the risk of bites that can spread deadly heartworm disease. Using an appropriate mosquito repellent in combination with regular heartworm preventive is a double defense against an invasion of heartworms. Don’t use any mosquito repellent on pets -- even one that’s DEET-free -- unless it is specifically formulated for dogs. If you’re using a DEET repellent on yourself, apply it away from your pets.

-- Radiated tortoises (Astrochelys radiata) are admired for their high-domed shells, brilliantly marked with yellow lines that resemble stars. But the critically endangered tortoises are declining due to habitat loss and illegal collection for the wildlife trade, according to the Turtle Survival Alliance, which is seeking to preserve the species by combating both threats. To do so, they’re providing veterinary care and long-term care for tortoises seized from illegal collections; reintroducing large numbers of confiscated tortoises to the wild in their native Madagascar; monitoring the released reptiles; providing community outreach and awareness; and promoting sustainable livelihoods to reduce poaching.

-- Does your dog need a job? A company that produces peanut butter for dogs is seeking canine ambassadors to promote its product at dog parks, canine events and pet supply stores -- to the tune of $100 an hour. Doggie applicants (and their human handlers) should be friendly and well-behaved with good reporting and social media skills. The deadline for applications is Sept. 1: honestpaws.com/blogs/news/honest-paws-ambassador-program. -- Dr. Marty Becker, Kim Campbell Thornton and Mikkel Becker

ABOUT PET CONNECTION

Pet Connection is produced by a team of pet care experts. Veterinarian Dr. Marty Becker is founder of the Fear Free organization, co-founder of VetScoop.com and author of many best-selling pet care books. Kim Campbell Thornton is an award-winning journalist and author who has been writing about animals since 1985. Mikkel Becker is a behavior consultant and lead animal trainer for Fear Free Pets. Dr. Becker can be found at Facebook.com/DrMartyBecker or on Twitter at DrMartyBecker. Kim Campbell Thornton is at Facebook.com/Kim.CampbellThornton and on Twitter at kkcthornton. Mikkel Becker is at Facebook.com/MikkelBecker and on Twitter at MikkelBecker.